Plant Terms

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A

Abaxial
Dorsal; the side of an organ oriented away from the main axis; underside of a leaf

Aberrant
Different from the usual

Abrupt
Terminating suddenly

Abscission
Falling off of a leaf or other organ

Acaulescent
Appearing stemless

Accessory fruit
A fleshy fruit developing from a succulent receptacle rather than from the pistil; for example a strawberry

Accrescent
Increasing in size with age, often referring to the expansion of the calyx in fruit maturation

Acephalous
Headless

Aceriform
Shaped like a maple leaf

Achene
A small, dry, indehiscent, single-seeded fruit

Achlorophyllous
Without chlorophyll, not green

Acicular
Needle-shaped

Aciculate
Marked as with pin-pricks; needle-shaped

Acidophilous
Acid-loving

Acorn
A hard, dry indehiscent fruit of oaks, with a single, large seed and cup-like base

Acrid
A sharp, bitter taste

Actinomorphic
Radially symmetrical, so that a line through the middle along any plane will produce mirror images; regular

Acuminate
Tapering to a slender point

Acute
Forming an angle less than 90°

Adaxial
Ventral; the side of an organ oriented towards the main axis; top side of a leaf

Adherent
Sticking together of unlike parts

Adnate
Fused to an un-like part, i.e. stamens fused to the petals

Adventitious
Structure or organs developing in an unusual position; for example roots originating on the stem

Aerial
Occurring above ground or water

Aggregate
Clustered together

Aggregate fruit
A cluster of small fleshy fruits originating from a number of separate pistils in a single flower

Alkaline
Basic, with a pH greater than 7.0

Alternate
Born singly at each node

Ament
A dense spike or raceme of unisexual flowers; a catkin

Ammophilous
Sand-loving

Anandrous
Without stamens

Androecium
Collective term for all of the stamens in a flower

Androgynophore
Stalk supporting the androecium and gynoecium in some flowers

Androgynous
A condition where the male flowers are above the female flowers in the same inflorescence

Androphore
Stalk supporting a group of stamens

Anemophilous
Wind pollinated

Angiosperm
A flowering plant

Annual
A plant which grows from seed, flowers, and dies in the same year

Annulus
A row of cells in the walls of a sporangium that shrink or expand to cause the rupture of the sporangium and release of spores

Antepetalous
Directly opposite the petals

Anterior
In the front; on the side away from the axis

Antesepalous
Directly opposite the sepals

Anther
The pollen bearing portion of the stamen

Antheridium
The male reproductive structure in mosses and ferns, produced at the gametophytic stage

Anthesis
Time of flowering

Antrorse
Directed upward or forward to the tip

Apetalous
Without petals

Apex
The tip

Aphyllous
Without leaves

Apical
Positioned at the tip of a structure

Apiculate
With a short, abrupt point

Apocarpous
Carpels not fused

Apopetalous
Having separate petals

Appendage
A secondary part attached to a main structure

Appressed
Pressed against or parallel to an organ or surface

Approximate
Borne close together, but not fused

Aquatic
Growing in the water

Archegonium
The female reproductive structure in mosses and ferns, produced at the gametophytic stage

Arcuate
Moderately arched or curved

Arenicolous
Growing in sandy substrate

Areola
A small, defined area on a surface; for example, the region of a cactus from which the spines originate

Areolate
With a surface divided into many angular sections; or marked with areola

Aril
A fleshy outgrowth from the funiculus that partly or wholly encloses a seed, usually brightly coloured

Aristate
Tapered to an awn or bristle-like tip

Armature
Thorns, spines, or prickles

Articulate
Jointed

Articulation
Point of attachment

Ascending
Growing upwards

Asepalous
Without sepals

Attenuate
Very gradually tapered to a slender apex or base

Auricle
Ear-like lobe

Autogamous
Self-fertilized

Awl-shaped
Short, narrowly triangular and sharply pointed

Awn
A bristle-like projection, often at the tip of a structure

Axil
The angle between the stem and leaf

Axile
A type of placentation; ovules attached where the septae intersect in the centre of an ovary

Axillary
In the axil of a leaf

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B

Banner
The upper and largest petal of a legume flower

Barbed
With short, rigid, reflexed points

Barbellate
Finely barbed

Barbellulate
With short, stiff hairs or barbs

Bark
The outermost layer of a woody stem

Basal
At the base

Basal placentation
Ovules positioned at the base of a unilocular ovary

Beak
A narrow or prolonged tip

Bearded
Bearing a tuft or tufts of hairs

Berry
A fleshy fruit with many seeds; for example, a tomato

Bicarpellate
With two carpels

Biconcave
Concave on both sides

Biconvex
Convex on both sides

Bidentate
With two teeth

Bidentulate
Slightly two toothed

Biennial
A plant that lives two years

Bifid
Two-branched or lobed

Bifurcate
Two-forked

Bilabiate
Two-lipped

Bilateral
Arranged on two sides

Bipinnate
Twice pinnate; with the divisions divided

Bipinnatifed
Twice pinnately lobed

Biseriate
Arranged in two rows

Bisexual
With both sexes

Bladder
A thin-walled, inflated structure

Blade
The broad part of a leaf

Bloom
A whitish, waxy or powdery covering on the epidermis

Brackish
Somewhat saline

Bract
A reduced or modified leaf that subtends a flower or inflorescence

Bracteate
With bracts

Bracteole
A reduced bract, often with larger main bracts

Bracteose
With many bracts

Bractlet
A small secondary bract borne on a pedicel or hypanthium instead of below the pedicel

Branch
A division of the main stem

Branchlet
A small secondary branch

Bristle
A short, stiff projection

Bud
An undeveloped shoot or flower

Bulb
A short, underground stem bearing fleshy, scale leaves modified for food storage, for example, an onion

Bulbil or Bulblet
A small secondary bulb that develops in a leaf axil

Bulbous
Bulb-like

Bundle scar
Scar left by the vascular bundles, seen when leaves fall of stems

Bur
An armed fruit with hooked or barbed spines for seed dispersal

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C

Caducous
Falling off early

Caespitose
Densely tufted

Calcareous
Soil or water with high CaCO3 (lime) content

Callous
Hardened or thickened

Callus
A thickened extension at the base of a grass floret where the lemma attaches to the rachilla

Calyx
The collective term for sepals

Cambium
Tissue capable of active cell division

Campanulate
Bell-shaped

Canescent
With fine, dense, whitish hairs that give the surface a gray appearance

Capillary
Very slender; hair-like

Capitate
Head-like

Capsule
A dry, dehiscent fruit containing few to many seeds

Carpel
In angiosperms, a modified seed-bearing leaf; a megasporophyll

Carpophore
A slender stalk that supports the two mericarps in fruits of the Apiaceae (carrot) family

Carinate
Keeled, with one or more longitudinal ridges

Cartilaginous
Firm but flexible

Caryopsis
A dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit with the seed coat fused to the pericarp; a grain

Castaneous
Chestnut coloured

Catkin
A spike-like inflorescence of unisexual flowers, typical of the Salicaceae (willow) family

Caudal
Tail-like

Caudex
A thickened, often woody, vertical or branched perennial stem; usually underground

Caulescent
With a definite above ground stem

Cauline
Of the stem

Cernuous
Drooping or nodding

Chaff
Thin, dry scales or bracts; for example on the receptacle in the Asteraceae (sunflower) family

Chaffy
With chaff

Channelled
With deep longitudinal grooves

Chartaceous
Papery textured and opaque

Chloranthous
With green, leaf-like flowers

Chlorophyll
Green pigment associated with photosynthesis

Chlorotic
Lacking chlorophyll

Cilia
Hairs on a margin

Ciliate
Fringed with cilia

Ciliolate
Minutely ciliate

Cincinnus
A dense, helicoid cyme with flowers only on one side

Cinereous
Ash-coloured due to presence of short, gray hairs

Circinate
Coiled in the bud

Circumsessile
Describing a capsule where the top portion pops off like a lid to release the seeds

Clasping
Partly or completely surrounding the stem

Clavate
Club-shaped

Clavicle
A tendril

Claw
The lower portion of a petal that is long and narrow

Cleft
Cut into lobes

Cleistogamous
Flowers that are self-pollinated and fertilized because they remain closed in the bud

Climbing
Growing upward by growing on another structure for support

Coalescent
United together to form one unit

Collar
The region on the outside of a grass leaf where the leaf blade and the sheath meet

Column
A structure formed by the union of the filaments or the filaments and the style

Coma
A tuft of hairs on a seed, for wind dispersal

Commisure
A place where two similar parts adjoin

Complanate
Flattened

Compound
With two or more like parts in one organ; for example two carpels in a single ovary is a compound ovary

Compressed
Flattened

Concave
Curved inward

Confluent
Merging or blending of one part to another

Cone
A dense cluster of sporophylls subtending sporangia on a central axis

Conic
Cone-shaped

Coniferous
Bearing cones or strobili

Connate
The fusion of like parts, for example the fusion of the petals to each other

Connivent
Converging but not fused

Constricted
Narrowed

Contiguous
Adjoining

Contorted
Twisted or bent

Convergent
Coming together

Convex
Curved outward

Convolute
Rolled up and often twisted in the bud

Copious
In large numbers

Coralloid
Coral-like

Cordate
Heart-shaped, with two rounded lobes

Coriaceous
Thick, tough and leathery

Corm
A short, fleshy underground stem usually covered by papery, modified leaves; for example, garlic

Cormose
Having a corm

Corniculate
Having small horn-like projections

Corolla
The collective term for the petals

Corrugated
Irregularly folded or wrinkled

Corymb
A flat-topped inflorescence with stalked flowers, the branches are of different lengths with the lower ones being longer, the terminal flower matures last

Corymbiform
Corymb-like

Costa
A rib or prominent midvein

Creeping
Growing along the surface of the ground

Crenate
With rounded teeth on the margin

Crenulate
With very small, rounded teeth on the margin

Crest
An elevated ridge

Crosier
The curled top of a young fern frond

Cruciform
Cross-shaped

Cucullate
With a blunt, hood-shaped tip

Culm
The stem of a grass-like plant

Cuneate
Wedge-shaped

Cupulate
Cup-shaped

Cuspidate
With a terminal tooth-like projection

Cuticle
The waxy layer on the epidermis that protects against water loss

Cylindrical
Cylinder-shaped

Cyme
An inflorescence in which the terminal flower matures first

Cypsella
An achene with a pappus (modified calyx) attached, as in some members of the Asteraceae

Cystolith
An intercellular mineral deposit that accumulated in some of the epidermal cells of some plants

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D

Deciduous
Falling off

Declined
Curved downwards

Decumbent
The lower part of the stem lying on the ground but with an ascending tip

Decurrent
Extending below the level of attachment as a wing

Decussate
Opposite leaves that alternate at 90° angles to the pairs above and below them

Deflexed
Bent abruptly downward

Dehiscent
Splitting open to release contents

Deliquescent
An irregular pattern of branching without a well-defined axis from bottom to top

Deltate
Triangular

Dendritic
Branching pattern similar to that in a tree; used to describe some hairs in the Brassicaceae (mustard) family

Dentate
Square-toothed

Denticle
Small tooth-like projection

Denticulate
Finely square-toothed

Depauperate
Stunted or poorly developed

Depressed
Flattened or indented on one end

Descending
Directed downward

Determinate
Described an inflorescence in which the terminal flower blooms first

Diadelphous
A stamen arrangement in which two group of stamens are united by their filaments; commonly a 9 + 1 arrangement like that found in many legumes

Dichotomous
Branching in pairs

Didynamous
A stamen arrangement in which there are two groups of two stamens of unequal length

Diffuse
Widely spreading

Digitate
Lobed, veined or divided like fingers of a hand

Dilated
Flattened or expanded

Dimorphic
Having two different forms

Dioecious
Male and female flowers on separate plants

Discoid
Resembling a disc

Disjunct
Occurring in widely separated geographic areas

Dissected
Deeply divided

Distal
Towards the tip

Distichous
2-ranked; in two opposite rows

Distinct
Separate

Divaricate
Widely spreading

Divergent
Spreading away from the main axis

Divided
Cut or lobed to the base or midrib

Dolabriform
Ax-shaped; attached at some other point than the base, usually near the middle

Dorsal
The side of an organ oriented away from the main axis

Dorsifixed
Borne on the back

Downy
Covered in soft, fine hairs

Drooping
Hanging down

Drupe
A fleshy, one-seeded fruit, seed with a stony endocarp

Drupelet
A small drupe; for example, the individual segments of a raspberry

Dyad
A group of two

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E

Ebracteate
Without bracts

Echinate
With prickles or spines

Edaphic
Pertaining to the soil

Eglandular
Without glands

Elaminate
Without a blade

Ellipsoid
Elliptic in outline

Elliptic
In the shape of a flattened circle, more than twice as long as wide

Elongate
Drawn out

Emarginate
Shallowly notched at the apex

Emergent
Growing above the surface of the water

Emersed
Growing with at least some parts in the water

Enation
A small, modified leaf; a projection or outgrowth of an organ or structure

Endemic
Unique to a particular region

Ensiform
Sword-shaped

Entire
With a smooth margin

Entomophilous
Insect pollinated

Epappose
Without a pappus

Ephemeral
Lasting a short time

Epicalyx
Bracts that resemble the calyx

Epidermis
The outermost cellular layer of a no-woody plant organ

Epigynous
Inferior ovary

Epipetalous
Attached to the corolla

Episepalous
Attached to the sepals

Equilateral
With sides of equal shape and length

Equitant
2-ranked leaves that overlap at the base, with the blades sharply folded lengthwise; leaf blades oriented edge-wise to the stem

Erect
Vertical

Erose
With a jagged margin

Evergreen
Having green leaves throughout the winter

Excurrent
Extending beyond the tip or margin as a mucro or awn

Exotic
Non-native

Exserted
Extending beyond another structure; for example, when the stamens are longer than the perianth, the stamens are exserted

Exstipulate
Without stipules

Extrastaminal
Outside of the stamens

Extrorse
Turned outwards

Exude
To secrete

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F

Faceted
With many plane surfaces

Falcate
Sickle-shaped

Farinose
Mealy-textured, often whitish or greyish

Fascicle
A bundle arising from a common base

Fastigiate
Broom-like appearance

Fertile
Capable of bearing seeds or pollen

Fetid
An offensive odour

Fibrillose
Having small fibres

Fibrous
Having fibres

Fibrous roots
A branched root system, with all of the branches of about equal thickness

Filamentous
Like a filament; thread-like

Filiform
Thread-like

Fimbriate
Fringed, usually with hairs

Flabellate
Fan-shaped

Flaccid
Limp

Flagellate
With long, slender runners

Flavescent
Yellowish

Fleshy
Thick and pulpy

Flexuous
Curved or bent

Floccose
Bearing tufts of long and tangled hairs

Floret
A reduced flower; for example flowers in the Asteraceae (sunflower) or Poaceae (grass) families

Flower
The reproductive structure of a plant; usually with sepals, petals, stamens and a pistil

Fluted
Furrowed or grooved

Foliaceous
Leaf-like in appearance

Foliage
Leaves

Follicle
A fruit with one carpel containing few to several seeds, splits along one line of dehiscence at maturity

Forb
A non-grasslike herb

Forked
Divided into two more or less equal branches

Fovea
A small pit or depression

Free
Not attached to other organs

Fringed
With hairs or bristles on the margin

Frond
The leaf of a fern

Fruit
A ripened ovary and associated structures

Funnelform
Funnel-shaped

Furcate
Forked

Fusiform
Spindle-shaped

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G

Galea
Helmut-shaped upper lip of some two-lipped petals

Gall
An abnormal growth caused by insects

Gametophyte
Haploid, the generation of a fern or moss life cycle

Geitonogamy
Pollination between flowers of the same plant

Gelatinous
Jelly-like in texture

Gibbous
Enlarged towards one side

Glabrate
Glabrous with age

Glabrous
Smooth, hairless

Gland
A structure that secretes sticky or oily substances

Glandular
Having glands

Glaucous
Whitish or bluish in colour, often due to a waxy coating

Globose
Spherical in shape

Glochid
A barbed hair or bristle found in the Cactaceae (cactus) family

Glomerulate
With distinct, dense clusters

Glomerules
Small, dense clusters

Glumes
Two bracts at the base of a grass spikelet, empty

Glutinous
Gluey or sticky

Grain
A dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit with the seed coat fused to the pericarp; fruit type of almost all of the grasses

Gymnosperm
Plants producing seeds in cones; for example, spruce (Picea)

Gynaecandrous
An inflorescence where the female flowers are borne above the male flowers

Gynandrous
With the stamens fused to the pistil

Gynobasic
A style that is attached at the base of the ovary rather that at the tip

Gynoecium
The female portion of a flower

Gynophore
An elongated stalk bearing the pistil in some species

Gynostegium
A central column formed by the fusion of the stamens and pistil; found in the Asclepiadaceae (milkweed) and Orchidaceae (orchid) families

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H

Haploid
Containing only one set of chromosomes

Haplopetalous
With a single series of petals

Hastate
Leaf bases with divergent lobes

Head
A dense cluster of sessile or subsessile flowers; for example, the inflorescence of an aster

Helicoid
Coiled like a spiral or helix

Herb
A plant without a persistent above ground woody stem

Herbage
The non-reproductive parts of a plant

Hesperidium
A fleshy berry-like fruit with a tough rind and several sections (carpel); for example, an orange

Heterandrous
With stamens or anthers of different forms or sizes

Heteromorphic
Of more than one kind

Heterosporous
Having two kinds of spores, megaspores (larger) and microspores (smaller)

Hip
A berry-like fruit composed of an enlarged hypanthium surrounding numerous achenes

Hispid
With long, stiff, straight hairs

Hispidulous
Minutely hispid

Hirsute
With stiff, spreading hairs

Hoary
With short fine, white or gray hairs

Homoeandrus
With one kind of stamens or anthers

Homomorphic
All of the same kind

Homosporous
Having one kind of spores

Hood
A hollow, arched covering

Horn
A tapering projection

Husk
A tough outer covering on some seeds or fruits

Hyaline
Thin and transparent

Hybrid
The offspring of a cross between two parents of different varieties, species or genera

Hydathode
An opening which exudes water

Hydrophyte
A plant growing in water

Hypanthium
Cup-shaped or tubular structure formed by the fusion of the sepals, petals, and filaments that surrounds the pistil

Hypogynous
A superior ovary without a hypanthium

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I

Imbricate
Overlapping in rows

Immersed
Growing under water

Imperfect
Referring to flowers with either male or female parts only

Implicate
Twisted together

Impressed
Situated below the surface

Incarnate
Flesh coloured

Incised
Deeply lobed or divided

Inclined
Rising upward at a moderate angle

Incurved
Curved inwards

Indehiscent
Not splitting open at maturity

Indeterminate
An inflorescence where the lower flowers mature before the terminal flower

Indurate
Hardened

Indusium
The membranous outgrowth of a fern that covers the sorus wholly or in part

Inferior
Attached beneath, as an ovary where the sepals, petals and stamens are attached above the base of the ovary

Infertile
Sterile or inviable

Inflated
Swollen or expanded

Inflexed
Curved inwards

Inflorescence
The arrangement of flowers on a plant

Infrastipular
Below the stipules

Innate
Borne at the apex

Insectivorous
Capturing and digesting insects

Inserted
Attached or growing out of

Internode
The portion of the stem between two nodes

Interrupted
Not continuous

Introrse
Turned inward

Inverted
Reversed

Involucel
Bracts on the secondary branches of a compound inflorescence

Involucre
Bracts that subtend the main inflorescence or solitary flowers

Involute
Inrolled or curled under margins

Iridescent
Displaying many colours

Irregular
Bilaterally symmetrical so the flower can be divided in half in only one plane to give a mirror image

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J

Joint
The section of the stem from which a leaf or branch arises; a node; a point of articulation

Jointed
Having nodes

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K

Keel a prominent longitudinal ridge; boat-shaped

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L

Labellum
Lip; modified petal of an orchid

Labiate
Lipped

Labium
The lower lip of a bilabiate corolla

Lacerate
Margin irregular and jagged, appearing torn

Laciniate
Deeply dissected into parallel, narrow segments

Lacuna
An empty air space

Lamella
An erect scale on the petal that forms part of the corona in some flowers

Laminate
With a flat blade; with plates or layers

Lanate
Woolly; covered in long, tangled hairs

Lanceolate
Lance-shaped, broadest near the base and tapering to the tip

Lateral
Borne on the side

Latex
A milky sap

Laticifer
A latex bearing channel

Lax
Loose

Leaf
The photosynthetic organ of a plant

Leaflet
A leaf-like segment of a compound leaf

Leaf scar
The scar remaining after a leaf falls

Leaf sheath
The stipules of the leaves surrounding the stem to form a sheath

Legume
The pod-like fruit of members of the Fabaceae (legume) family that opens along two lines to release the seeds, not constricted between the seeds

Lemma
The lower bract of the grass floret, often awned from the back or tip

Lenticels
A slightly raised, often lens-shaped area on the surface of a young, woody stem

Lenticular
Lens-shaped

Ligule
A membranous or hairy extension on the inside of the leaf sheath in grasses and grass-like plants; or the strap-like corolla of a ray flower in the Asteraceae (sunflower) family

Limb
A tree branch or the broadened part of a petal or leaf

Linear
Long, flat and narrow with parallel sides

Lobate
In the form of a lobe

Lobe
A division or segment of an organ, may be rounded

Locule
A chamber inside the ovary

Loculicidal
Describing a capsule that opens longitudinally to expose the locule, the line of dehiscence is along a midrib of the carpel

Loment
A pod-like fruit found in the Fabaceae (legume) family that opens along two lines of dehiscence, constricted between the seeds

Lunate
Crescent shaped

Lyrate
With a large, rounded terminal lobe and smaller lateral lobes

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M

Macro-
Prefix meaning large

Malodorous
Having a bad odour

Malphigian hair
A straight hair tapering to both free ends, attached in the middle

Mammillate
With one or more nipple-like projections

Many
More than 10

Margin
The edge

Marginate
With a distinct margin

Mealy
Powdery, dry and crumbly

Median
Of the middle

Megasporangium
A spore sac containing megaspores

Megaspore
A female spore which will give rise to the female gametophyte

Megasporophyll
A modified leaf which bears the megasporangia

Membranous
Thin and flexible, usually translucent

Micro-
Prefix meaning small

Microsporangium
A spore sac containing microspores

Microspore
A male spore which will give rise to the male gametophyte

Microsporophyll
A modified leaf which bears the microsporangia

Midrib or Midvein
The central rib or vein of a leaf or other organ

Monad
A single individual that is few from other such individuals

Monadelphous
A stamen arrangement in which all of the stamens are united by their filaments to form a tube around the pistil

Moniliform
Like a string of loosely spaced beads

Monochasium
A type of inflorescence with only one main axis

Monoecious
Both male and female flowers on the same plant

Monomorphic
With a single form

Mottled
With coloured spots or blotches

Mucilaginous
Slimy and moist

Mucro
A short, sharp, abrupt terminal point

Mucronate
Having a mucro

Multiple fruit
A fruit formed from several individual flowers on a single axis; for example, the pineapple or fig

Muricate
With small, sharp projections or points

Mycorrhiza
A mutually beneficial relationship between a fungus and the root of the plant

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N

Natant
Floating in the water; immersed

Neck
Any constricted part of a plant

Nectar
A sugary, sticky fluid secreted by many plants, usually to attract pollinators

Nectar guides
Lines or spots which may be invisible to the human eye except under UV light, used to direct pollinators to nectar

Nectary
An organ which produces nectar

Nerve
A vein or rib of a leaf or other organ, usually referring to the lateral veins

Net-veined
Veins in the form of a network

Nodding
Bent to one side and downward

Node
The point of attachment of a leaf to the stem

Nodulose
With small swollen joints

Numerous
More than 10

Nut
A hard, dry, indehiscent fruit, usually with a single seed

Nutlet
A small nut, similar to an achene; one of the lobes or sections of the mature ovary of some members of the mint or borage families

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O

Obclavate
Club-shaped, with the attachment at the broad end

Obcompressed
Compressed opposite the usual way

Obcordate
Inversely heart-shaped, with the attachment at the narrow end

Obdeltoid
Inversely triangular, with the attachment at the narrow end

Oblanceolate
Inversely lance-shaped, with the attachment at the narrow end

Oblique
Slanted; having unequal sides or an asymmetrical base

Oblong
Much longer than wide with nearly parallel sides

Obovate
Inversely ovate, with the attachment at the narrow end

Obtuse
Forming an angle greater than 90°

Ocrea
A membranous sheath at nodes of the stem in the Polygonaceae (buckwheat) family, formed by the fusion of stipules

Odd-pinnate
Pinnately compound with a terminal leaflet, so that there is an odd number of leaflets

Oil tube
Narrow ducts in the walls of the fruits in some of the Apiaceae (carrot) family, contain volatile oils

Olivaceous
Olive-green

Operculate
With an operculum

Operculum
A small lid; for example, the cap of a circumsessile capsule

Opposite
Borne across from one another at the same node

Orbicular
Round and flattened

Organ
A plant part with a specific function

Orfice
An opening or mouth

Oval
Broadly elliptic, the width over one half the length

Ovate
Flat and egg shaped; rounded at the base and tapered to the tip

Ovoid
Egg-shaped

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P

Palea
The uppermost or innermost of the two bracts that subtend the grass floret

Pallid
Pale

Palmate
Divergent from a common point of attachment, like fingers on a hand

Palmate-pinnate
With the primary leaflets palmately arranged and the secondary leaflets pinnately arranged

Palmatifed
Palmately cleft or lobed

Panicle
A compound inflorescence in which flowers are borne on branched branches

Paniculate
Having flowers in pancicles

Paniculiform
Referring to an inflorescence that resembles a panicle

Papilla a small blunt projection arising from a flat surface

Papillate
Covered in small blunt projections

Pappose
Bearing a pappus

Pappus
The modified calyx of the flower of members of the Asteraceae (sunflower) family, attached on the top of the inferior ovary, may be scale-like or a series of bristles or awns

Parietal
Attached to the inner surface or wall of an enclosed structure

Patent
Spreading or expanding

Pectinate
Having closely parallel, slender, toothlike projections like a comb

Pedate
Palmately divided

Pedicel
The stalk bearing of a flower in an inflorescence

Pedicellate
Borne on a pedicel

Peduncle
The stalk of an inflorescence or a solitary flower

Pedunculate
Having a peduncle

Peltate
Having the stalk attached at the center of the back or underside

Pendulous
Hanging downward

Perennial
A plant that lives three or more years

Perfect
Describing flowers that have both male and female parts

Perfoliate
With the leaf base completely encircling the stem

Perforate
With holes or perforation

Perianth
The collective term for the sepals and petals, or either of them if one is absent

Perigynium
The sac-like or scale-like structure that encloses the ovary in Carex

Perigynous
A hypanthium surrounds but is not fused to or completely enclosing the ovary

Peripheral
Outside of or external to

Persistent
Remaining attached after similar parts are normally dropped and their function has been completed

Petal
The second outermost sterile appendage of a flower, usually soft-textured and coloured

Petalode
A structure, usually a stamen, which resembles a petal

Petaloid
Petal-like

Petiolate
With a petal

Petiole
The stalk of a leaf

Petiolule
The stalk of a leaflet in a compound leaf

Phalange
Two or more stamens joined by their filaments

Phyllary
An involucral bract of the Asteraceae (sunflower) family

Phyllode
An expanded, bladeless leaf which is derived from a flattened petiole

Piliferous
Tipped with a fine, hair-like structure

Pilose
With straight, spreading hairs

Pin
A flower with a long style and short stamens

Pinna
A primary segment of a pinnately compound leaf

Pinnate
Divided or branched with the parts attached in two opposite rows along a main axis

Pinnatifed
Pinnately lobed, but not divided all the way to the central axis

Pinnatisect
Pinnately divided into narrow segments

Pinnule
A secondary or ultimate segment of a leaf that is pinnately divided two or three times

Pip
The small seed of a fleshy fruit

Pistil
The female unit of a flower, made of the ovary, style and stigma

Pistillate
Female; with functional female parts only

Pit
A small depression

Plait
A fold or pleat

Planoconvex
With one face flat and the other low-rounded

Plicate
With a series of longitudinal folds, like a fan

Plumose
Like a feather, due to soft spreading hairs

Pod
A dry, dehiscent fruit; a general term for a legume or follicle

Pollen
The mature microspores, released by the male organ (stamens or microsporangia)

Pollinium
A waxy mass of pollen

Pome
A fleshy, indehiscent fruit derived from an inferior ovary, the fleshy part is the hypanthium; for example, an apple

Pore
A small opening

Prickle
A small, sharp outgrowth of the epidermis

Procumbent
Prostrate and lying flat on the ground

Prophyll
One of the paired bracteoles subtending flowers in some rushes (Juncaceae)

Prostrate
Lying flat on the ground

Psammophyte
Sand-loving plant

Pseudobulb
A bulbous thickening of the stem found in many orchids

Puberulent
Minutely pubescent

Pubescence
A covering of hairs

Pubescent
Hairy

Pulvinus
A swelling or enlargement at the base of a petiole or petiolule

Punctate
Dotted with glands or pitted

Puncticulate
With tiny dots on the surface

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Q

Quadrangular
Four angled

Quadrate
Square or rectangular

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R

Raceme
An inflorescence in which all of the flowers are individually stalked along a main axis

Racemose
Having flowers in racemes

Rachilla
The secondary axis of a branched inflorescence

Rachis
The main or primary axis of an inflorescence or pinnately compound leaf

Radiate
With structures radiating from a central point

Rank
A vertical row

Ranked
Arranged in vertical rows

Ray
The primary branches of an umbel; the strap-like corolla of the ray flowers in the Asteraceae (sunflower) family

Receptacle
The structure to which the flowers are attached at the terminal portion of the pedicel

Reclining
Bending or curving downward

Recumbent
Leaning or resting on the ground

Recurved
Curved downward or backward

Reflexed
Projecting downward

Regular
Radially symmetrical

Remote
Widely separated

Reniform
Kidney-shaped

Replum
A persistent, membranous partition that bears ovules on its margins and separates the two valves of pods in the Brassicaceae (mustard) family; a false septum

Resinous
Bearing resin, often sticky

Reticulate
With a net-like pattern

Retrorse
Projecting backward or downward

Retuse
Having a notch in a rounded or obtuse apex

Revolute
Curled or rolled backward along the edges

Rhizoid
A root-like structure without vascular tissue

Rhizomatous
Having rhizomes

Rhizome
A creeping underground stem often bearing scales

Rib
A main longitudinal vein in a structure, particularly if raised above the surrounding surface

Rigid
Stiff and flexible

Rind
A thick outer covering

Riparian
Growing along the banks of streams, springs, or seeps

Root
The portion of the plant axis lacking nodes and leaves and usually found below ground

Rootlet
A small root

Rosette
A cluster of leaves arising from a common point

Rostellum
A small beak

Rostrate
With short, stout, terminal beak

Rostrum
A beak-like structure

Rotate
Describing a corolla that has a short tubular portion and widely spreading, flattened lobes

Rotund
Round

Rudimentary
Imperfectly developed

Ruminate
Roughly wrinkled, as if chewed

Runcinate
Sharply pinnatifed, with the segments directed downwards

Runner
A slender prostrate stem rooting at the nodes or at the tip

Rugose
With cross-ridges or wrinkles

Rugulose
With a finely wrinkled surface

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S

Sac
A bag-shaped compartment

Saccate
Sac-shaped

Sagittate
Arrowhead-shaped

Salverform
Trumpet-shaped, usually describing the shape of a sympetalous corolla

Samara
A dry indehiscent, winged fruit

Sap
The juice of a plant

Scabrous
Roughened with stiff hairs or tooth-like projections

Scale
A small, dry bract that subtends and often encloses a flower

Scape
A leafless stem that bears an inflorescence

Scapose
Having a stem that resembles a scape

Scarious
Thin, dry, non-green and membranous in texture

Schizocarp
A dry fruit that breaks into two separate segments at maturity

Scorpioid
Coiled like a scorpion’s tail

Scutellum
A small plate-like structure

Secund
Having parts that appear to arise only from one side of an axis

Sepal
The outermost sterile appendage of the flower (excluding the bracts), usually green

Sepaloid
Sepal-like

Septate
Divided or partitioned into sections by cross-walls

Septicidal
Describing a capsule that splits open along the septae

Septum
An internal partition

Sericeous
With long silky hairs

Serrate
Saw-toothed

Serrulate
With finely saw-toothed edges

Sessile
Without a stalk, attached directly

Setaceous
Bristle-like

Setose
Covered with bristles

Sheath
The portion of an organ which at least partially surrounds another organ

Shoot
A young stem or branch

Shrub
A woody plant, with several stems

Silicle
A fruit in the Brassicaceae (mustard) family which is divided into two segments by a replum, less than 2 x as long as wide

Silique
A fruit in the Brassicaceae (mustard) family which is divided into two segments by a replum, greater than 2 x as long as wide

Simple
Unbranched or undivided

Sinuate
Wavy-margined

Sinus
The indentation or space between adjacent lobes or divisions of a structure such as a leaf or corolla

Solitary
Occurring singly and not borne in a cluster or group

Sorus
A cluster of sporangia borne on a fern frond

Spadix
A thick, dense, fleshy spike

Spathe
One or two closely associated bracts that subtend a flower or inflorescence

Spatulate
Spatula-shaped

Spiciform
An inflorescence with the general appearance of a spike

Spike
An unbranched inflorescence in which the flowers are all sessile on a main axis

Spikelet
A small spike or secondary spike

Spine
A stiff, slender, sharp-pointed structure arising from below the epidermis; modified leaf or stipule

Spinulose
With weakly spine-tipped projections

Sporangium the spore sac or spore producing structure of a plant

Spore
A reproductive cell resulting from meiotic cell division in a sporangium

Sporophyll
A sporangium-bearing leaf, often modified in structure

Spur
A slender, tubular appendage extending backward from the base of a sepal or petal

Stamen
The male, pollen-producing organ of a plant, comprised of the anther and filament

Staminate
Male, with functional male parts only

Staminode
A reduced or modified stamen

Stem
The portion of a plant axis bearing nodes, leaves, usually found above ground

Sterile
Infertile

Stigma
The pollen-receptive portion of the pistil, either borne on the terminal portion of the style or sessile on the ovary

Stipe
A supporting stalk, commonly describing the stalk of an ovary or of a fern frond

Stipitate
Born on a stalk

Stipules
Paired, modified leaves at the base of the petiole, may be membranous or leaf-like

Stolon
An elongate, horizontal stem creeping along the ground and rooting at the nodes or the tip

Stramineus
Straw-coloured

Striate
With fine, parallel longitudinal lines or nerves

Strigose
With stiff, appressed hairs

Strigulose
Minutely strigose

Strobilus
A cone-like cluster of sporophylls on an axis

Stylopodium
A swollen, disk-like base of a style; for example, in the flowers of the Apiaceae (carrot) family

Submersed
Growing under water

Subtend
Attached below and extending upward

Subterranean
Below the surface of the ground

Subulate
Awl-shaped

Succulent
Thick, fleshy and watery

Suffrutescent
Somewhat shrubby

Superior
Attached above, as an ovary where the sepals, petals and stamens are attached below the base of the ovary

Suture
A line of fusion or dehiscence

Syconium
A hollow inverted receptacle with the flowers on the inside; for example, the fig

Sympetalous
Fused petals

Syncarpous
With united carpels

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T

Taproot
A root system with one dominant vertical root and usually with secondary roots or root hairs

Tassel
The staminate inflorescence in corn

Taxon
A taxonomic entity of any rank (family, genus, species)

Temperate
Region of the world between 23.5° N and 66.67° N latitude and between 23.5°S and 66.67°S

Tendril
A thread-like, often branched appendage that coils around other objects to provide support for a climbing plant; a modified leaf, leaflet or branch

Tepal
A term for a part of the perianth used when the sepals and petals cannot be distinguished because of similarity in size and shape

Terete
Round in cross section

Terminal
At the tip or apex

Ternate
Divided into three’s

Tetradynamous
Having four long and two short stamens, typical of the Brassicaceae (mustard) family

Thorn
A stiff, woody, modified stem with a sharp point

Thrum
A flower with a short style and long stamens

Tomentose
With a covering of dense, woolly hairs

Tomentulose
Slightly tomentose

Trailing
Prostrate and creeping but not rooting

Trifid
Branched into three branches or lobes

Trigonous
Three sided and triangular in cross-section

Tripinnate
Pinnately divided three times

Truncate
Squared at the tip

Tuber
A fleshy rhizome that functions as a food storage organ; for example, the potato

Tubercle
A small swelling

Tuberculate
Having tubercles

Tuberous
Tuber-like

Tufted
Clumped; with stems clustered together at the base

Turgid
Swollen, expanded or inflated

Tussock
A tuft or clump of small grasses or sedges

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U

Ubiquitous
Widespread

Ultimate
The final section or division

Umbel
An inflorescence with several to many stalked flowers arising from a common point

Umbellet
A small, secondary umbel of a compound umbel

Umbelliform
Like an umbel

Undulate
Wavy

Urceolate
Urn-shaped or pitcher-shaped

Utricle
A small, one-seeded fruit in which the pericarp is thin, dry, and easily removed from the seed

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V

Variegated
Marked with patches or spots of different colours

Variety
A taxonomic category below the species and subspecies level

Vascular
Referring to tissue that conducts water or nutrients

Vein
A vascular bundle

Velamen
The thick spongy layer on the roots of some epiphytic orchids

Velutinous
Velvety

Venation
The pattern of veins

Ventral
Adaxial; referring to the side of a structure oriented towards the main axis

Verrucose
Warty

Verticel
A whorl

Verticillate
Whorled

Villous
Covered with long, soft hairs

Vine
A plant with a stem supported by climbing on other species

Virescent
Becoming green

Viscid
Sticky or gummy

Viviparous
Sprouting on the parent plant

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W

Wart
A small, firm protuberance

Weed
An aggressive plant which colonizes areas it is not native to

Whorled
With three or more attached at the same level

Wing
A thin, flat margin bordering or extending from a structure

Woolly
With long, soft, entangled hairs

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X

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Y

--

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Z

Zygomorphic
Bilaterally symmetrical, so that a line drawn through the middle of the structure will only produce a mirror image along one plant; irregular

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